Long-term protection effects of national reserve to forest vegetation in 4 decades: biodiversity change analysis of major forest types in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China

The Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR) was established in 1960 to protect the virgin Korean pine mixed hardwood forest, a typical temperate forest of northeast China. We conducted systematic stud- ies of vascular diversity patterns on the north slope of the CNR mountainside forests (800-1700 m a.s.l.) in 1963 and 2006 respectively. The aim of this comparison is to assess the long-term effects of the protection on plant biodiversity of CNR during the interval 43 years. The research was carried out in three types of forests: mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MCBF), mixed coniferous forest (MCF), and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF), characterized by different dominant species. The alpha diversity indicted by species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were found different in the same elevations and forest types during the 43-year interval. The floral composition and the diversity of vascular species were generally similar along altitudinal gradients before and after the 43-year interval, but some substantial changes were evident with the altitude gradient. In the tree layers, the dominant species in 2006 were similar to those of 1963, though diversity declined with altitude. The indices in the three forest types did not differ significantly between 1963 and 2006, and these values even increased in the MCBF and MCF from 1963 to 2006. However, originally dominant species, P. koraiensis for ex- ample, tended to decline, while the proportion of broad-leaved trees increased, and the species turn- over in the succession layers trended to shift to higher altitudes. The diversity pattern of the under canopy fluctuated along the altitudinal gradient due to micro-environmental variations. Comparison of the alpha diversity in the three forests shows that the diversity of the shrub and herb layer decreased with time. During the process of survey, we also found some rare and medicinal species disappeared. Analysis indicates that the changes of the diversity pattern in this region are caused by both nature and human factors. Meteorological records revealed that climate has changed significantly in the past 43 years. We also found the most severe human disturbance to the CNR forests in the process of another field survey that is the exploitation of herb medicines and Korean pine nuts. We hope this research would give some guidance to the future reserve management in Changbai Mountain area.     

峨眉山2种重楼属植物同域分化的分子遗传学及其形态学证据初探

对峨眉山2种重楼－小重楼（Paris polyphylla Smith var. minora S.F.Wang）、黒籽重楼（P. thibetica Franch）DNA进行了AFLP (扩增的限制性片段长度多态性)分析和形态上的差异分析。AFLP分析可知小重楼和黑籽重楼在DNA分子水平上表现出极为丰富的遗传多样性,每个种内个体间的相似性很大,但有明显种间的遗传差异。形态对比分析可知小重楼和黑籽重楼在花部性状上有明显的差异。AFLP和形态分析结果表明小重楼和黑籽重楼无论是在形态还是遗传上均有明显差异。它们之间已经有了明显的分化。     

Composition and seasonal dynamics of seed rain in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, China

To explore the composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of seed rain in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest, 150 seed traps were set up in a 25 hm2 plot in Changbai Mountain. Seeds, fruits, anthotaxy and others in seed traps were collected, identified and divided into 4 types. From 2005 to 2006, we collected 47 different types. Total number of seeds and fruits was 121291, including 23147 mature seeds and fruits (19.1% of the total). Tilia amurensis and Fraxinus mandshurica, with the most seeds and fruits, accounted for 90% of the total. The analysis on seasonal dynamics of seed rain showed that there were the largest number of seeds and fruits between July and October, which were composed of immature seeds and fruits. In mid-October, mature seeds and fruits reached their peak, but immature seeds and fruits still accounted for high proportion. There were 91 traps that contained 100–200 mature seeds and fruits, and one trap without any mature seed or fruit. The largest number of species found in a trap was 7, and usually 3 or 4 species were found in most of the traps. There were obvious relationships between spatial patterns of mature seeds and fruits and their parent trees, indicating that their mature seeds and fruits were not dispersed far from their parent trees.     

Filamentous Hydrous Ferric Oxide Biosignatures in a Pipeline Carrying Acid Mine Drainage at Iron Mountain Mine,California

A pipeline carrying acidic mine effluent at Iron Mountain, CA, developed Fe(III)-rich precipitate caused by oxidation of Fe(II)_aq. The native microbial community in the pipe included filamentous microbes. The pipe scale consisted of microbial filaments, and schwertmannite (ferric oxyhydroxysulfate, FOHS) mineral spheres and filaments. FOHS filaments contained central lumina with diameters similar to those of microbial filaments. FOHS filament geometry, the geochemical environment, and the presence of filamentous microbes suggest that FOHS filaments are mineralized microbial filaments. This formation of textural biosignatures provides the basis for a conceptual model for the development and preservation of biosignatures in other environments.     

长白山土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性随海拔的分布特征与影响因子

长白山是由火山喷发形成的山地生态系统,是研究生态系统重建和演替过程的天然实验室。以长白山西坡垂直带中的亚高山针叶林带、亚高山岳桦林带、高山草甸带、高山苔原带土壤为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)和微孔板法分别测定土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性,探讨(1)长白山西坡微生物群落结构及酶活性沿海拔的分布特征;(2)垂直带植被因子、土壤因子对微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均随海拔升高先增加再减少,有机碳和全氮最高值出现在岳桦林带;随海拔升高,土壤微生物总PLFA和各类群微生物PLFA呈现出先增加后减少的变化特征,表现为亚高山岳桦林带亚高山针叶林带高山草甸带高山苔原带;在对土壤微生物总PLFA的贡献率上,表现为细菌真菌放线菌,G~-G~+;微生物PLFA相关性方面,细菌、放线菌、G~+、G~-之间的关联性较大,真菌与这四者之间的关联性较小;土壤全氮含量与各微生物类群均表现为显著正相关,而C/N则与各微生物类群均表现为负相关,二者是调控土壤微生物沿海拔变化的主要因子;土壤水解酶βG和AP活性随海拔升高而逐渐增加,其中AP活性对高山苔原带生态系统表现出很好的响应;土壤含水量、C/N和土壤温度是调控土壤酶活性垂直变化的主要因子;高山苔原带草甸化过程对土壤含水量、全磷含量、水解酶AP活性产生重要影响,而对土壤微生物PLFA含量和其他酶活性影响不大。长白山垂直带土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性除了受到土壤环境因子和水热条件的影响,还与植被群落组成及凋落物性质具有紧密联系。     

河南登封方家沟遗址发掘简报

方家沟遗址位于河南省登封市方家沟村,2014~2015年北京大学考古文博学院和郑州市文物考古研究院对该遗址进行两次发掘,发现大量石制品和动物化石以及原地埋藏的遗迹现象。石制品类型包括备料、石核、石片、断块、碎屑、石锤、石砧、工具等,整体面貌属于华北常见的石片石器工业。古人类在自然沟内短期活动形成的遗迹(G1)蕴含了空间利用方式的信息,对于进一步研究嵩山东麓MIS3阶段人类活动与行为特点具有重要意义。     

帽儿山国家森林公园30年前后植物区系比较研究

该研究采用样方结合样线调查的方法,并综合文献资料,于1983年和2013年2次对帽儿山国家森林公园植物种类进行实地调查,并进行了区系特征的对比分析,为评估帽儿山国家森林公园植物保护状况提供依据。结果表明:(1)2013年研究区的植物科数量和组成与1983年相同,但2013年比1983年少20属60种,不同等级科组成差异较小,而不同等级属差异较大。(2)优势科组成差异较小,但2013年兰科(Orchidacea)由优势科变成了非优势科,而藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和松科(Pinaceae)由非优势科变成优势科;优势属组成差异较大,2013年比1983年少了8个优势属。(3)2次调查表征科组成变化较大,但表征属组成差异较小,2013年比1983年少了2个表征属。(4)1983年和2013年科、属、种的分布型均以温带性分布为主;科的分布型完全相同,属的分布型2013年比1983年少了地中海区-西亚至中亚分布型;种的分布型,2013年比1983年多了亚洲-北美-北极分布。研究认为,30年间帽儿山国家森林公园的植物区系构成基本稳定,说明对这一区域的植物保护总体有效,但属和种的数量明显减少,30年间物种多样性显著降低,尤其是某些重要的科,如兰科植物的减少,也说明植物保护现状依然不容乐观。     

人类活动对泰山景观多样性时空变化的影响

人类活动改变景观格局多样性,同时又是景观异质性的一个主要来源。采用1986年和2001年两期的遥感数据,研究了泰山二十世纪80年代中期以来景观多样性的时空变化特征以及人类活动对该地区景观格局的影响。结果表明,在泰山地区,人类活动的强弱与景观的破碎化表现出一定的相关性,人类作用强的地区景观斑块面积较小,作用弱的地区斑块面积较大。人为活动改变了荒山荒地,生态恶化受到一定的遏止,但是人类活动的经济目的性较强,道路、居民地、旅游景点等人为景观的出现越来越影响着区域内的景观生态格局,表明缺乏有效管理和监测的人为影响将进一步威胁人类对景观的管理成果。     

黄山地区松树林外生菌根菌资源及生态分布

1998～2003年,对黄山地区松树林下外生菌根菌资源及生态分布进行了调查,鉴定出外生菌根菌43种,隶属于10科17属.其中马尾松林下有43种、黄山松林下有12种.马尾松幼林下的外生菌根菌种类单一,彩色豆马勃、硬皮马勃类为优势菌种;马尾松成熟林下外生菌根菌种类丰富,其优势种类为红菇科、鹅膏菌科、牛肝菌科和鸡油菌科的一些种类.并分析了树种植被对外生菌根菌分布的影响,菌根真菌的分布与温度、湿度及土壤条件的关系.     

祁连山国家公园青海片区野生植物资源调查

该研究以祁连山国家公园青海片区野生植物资源为研究对象,通过样方调查法对祁连山国家公园青海片区野生植物资源的种属分类情况进行调查,共记录野生植物资源130种,隶属于37科84属.其中,野生药用植物95种,隶属于34科66属;国家Ⅱ级保护植物7种,隶属于3科6属;易危种3种,隶属于3科3属.该研究结果可为祁连山国家公园青海...